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Based on a systematic study of Polish sociological literature produced in the period stretching between the elevation of Wladyslaw Gomulka to the post of the Party's first secretary in October 1956 to the first free elections in Poland in June 1989, the author of this article offers an account of the main dilemmas & the varieties of pluralism in Polish sociology during the state socialist era. The author claims that, with the exception of the Stalinist period, Polish sociologists always occupied diverse positions on 'government' & 'society', but this diversity yielded to change in response to a particular time. Generally, in 1956-1989 Polish sociology was something unique in comparison with sociology in other so-called people's democracies, as it had a considerably high status in the country & in the world, including the West. The author argues that Polish sociology did not have to undergo a revolution in 1989 & make the move from Marxist to bourgeois sociology, as since 1956 (or even earlier, since 1945) it had been undergoing continuous change & constant reform (in theoretical domain & concerning its division into sub-disciplines) & maintained a consistent level of diversity in various respects.

Poland is a country in which history has been often the substitute for politics for many generations of Poles. Disputes about history have, for many generations of politicians, been more important than disputes about the present & future. The "Revolution" of 1989 in Poland has forced politicians from local & central elites into an especially difficult double task: to reconstruct themselves, their opinions & beliefs on History, the State, the Nation & Sovereignty & to access the collective imagination of Polish society, especially its historical memory. 3 References. Adapted from the source document.

Das Element der Konversion hat stets die Aufmerksamkeit von Ideologen, Psychologen und Kulturwissenschaftlern auf sich gezogen. Der Beitrag untersucht die Konversionen der 90er Jahre aus der Perspektive der 20er und 40er Jahre dieses Jahrhunderts. Wenn man auf die Geschichte Mittel- und Osteuropas im 20. Jahrhundert blickt, lassen sich zwei große kulturelle und zivilisatorische Konversionen feststellen: die Oktoberrevolution, die in den späten 40er Jahren um lokale Konversionen der mitteleuropäischen Länder erweitert wurde, sowie die lokale Konversion, die 1980/81 in Polen begonnen wurde und mit Glasnost und Perestroika zu einer Konversion universellen Ranges wuchs, die das Zentrum der vorangegangenen Umbrüche demontierte. Der Beitrag verfolgt die ideologischen Konversionen bzw. Transformationen der Mentalitäten bis auf die Ebene der radikalen Umgestaltung von Individuen und Gruppen. (pre)